Best practices

Trueness, precision, and the ISO vocabulary

The industry standardized what accuracy means for liquid handlers. Trueness, precision, and accuracy defined, the percent-error and percent-CV formulas, and the ISO documents behind them.

People use accuracy loosely, but for liquid handling the terms have been pinned down. In 2015 the manufacturers agreed on a shared vocabulary and a standard way to measure performance, so that a spec from one vendor means the same as a spec from another. Knowing the words precisely is the difference between reading a performance claim and actually understanding it.

Trueness

Trueness is how close the average delivered volume is to the target. It is reported as a percent error, sometimes written as percent R, comparing the mean measured volume to the intended volume. High trueness means a small percent error, which means little systematic bias. Trueness is the property a correction curve improves.

Precision

Precision is how tightly repeated dispenses of the same target agree with each other, regardless of whether they sit on the target. It is reported as a coefficient of variation, percent CV, the standard deviation divided by the mean. High precision means a small percent CV, which means little random scatter. Precision is improved by the parameters that stabilize the transfer.

Accuracy is both together

Accuracy, in the standardized sense, is the combination: a result is accurate when it is both true and precise, close to the target and tightly grouped. A class can be precise but not true, or true on average but not precise, and only accuracy captures having both. Framed as a target, trueness is hitting the bullseye on average and precision is grouping your shots tightly; accuracy is doing both at once.

The standards behind the words

Two documents anchor this. ISO IWA 15 standardized the terminology and the method for determining the performance of automated liquid handling systems. ISO 8655 defines the industry-standard processes for gravimetric testing. If you work in a regulated environment, these are the references your verification is expected to align with, and citing them makes a performance claim defensible rather than anecdotal.

Trueness and precision are two different numbers. Report both, because a single figure for accuracy hides which one you are missing.
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